Defending NATO's Northern Flank : Power Projection And Military Operations
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Arctic Governance Through Conferencing
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The Future of the Arctic Human Population
by
Russia’s Climate Gamble : The Pursuit and Contradiction of Its Arctic Ambitions
Center for Strategic and International Studies (US).
The Russian government has positioned itself as a beneficiary of climate change and has welcomed a rapidly transforming Arctic that is warming three times faster than the rest of the world and becoming increasingly accessible. It has had extraordinary success with its Yamal LNG megaproject and seeks to build on this with new projects like Vostok Oil and ambitious plans for the Northern Sea Route. At the same time, it expands and deepens its Arctic military footprint with new bases and capabilities and an uptick in exercises and missile tests. This study attempts to identify the most significant climate impacts across the Russian Arctic to understand the broader implications for Russia’s economy, internal political dynamics, and security posture. With this information, this study sought to predict whether Russia’s considerable economic and military ambitions in the Arctic would succeed and, based on this analysis, tease out meaningful geostrategic implications. This research determined that the impacts of climate change - coupled with global, especially European, momentum toward decarbonization and energy transition - makes prospects for Russian success in the Arctic increasingly unfavorable. Key decisionmakers in Moscow are unlikely to be deterred by this fact, however, and Russia’s economic and military development of the region will continue in the near term.
Exploring Gaps in Arctic Governance : Identifying Potential Sources of Conflict and Mitigating Measures
Rand Corporation (US)
The eight recognized Arctic states - Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States - have long cooperated in the Arctic region, even when their respective interests, especially those between Russia and the United States, have clashed on other matters. They have done so because each state perceives that it benefits from the current state of cooperation, which occurs through a set of international, regional, and subregional governance mechanisms. But conditions in the Arctic are evolving - driven by such factors as climate change, economics, and geopolitics - and thus its governance mechanisms must also evolve in order to mitigate new risks before they potentially escalate into conflict. What are these risks ? How should existing governance mechanisms evolve to mitigate those risks ? In this report, researchers propose and implement an adaptive, four-stage approach to identify potential Arctic conflict catalysts; determine, confirm, and prioritize the catalysts that cannot be solved through existing Arctic governance mechanisms; and identify potential governance mechanisms that can evolve to mitigate identified risks. The researchers conclude that, to decrease the risk of unraveling cooperation by 2030, Arctic stakeholders should work toward resolving gaps in Arctic governance in three ways : improving currently limited dialogue and transparency on military issues, updating and providing new capabilities to implement existing governance agreements, and enabling more inclusivity in Arctic-relevant decisionmaking without challenging the sovereignty of Arctic states.
Handbook on Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic : The High North Between Cooperation and Confrontation
by
Against the backdrop of climate change and tectonic political shifts in world politics, this handbook provides an overview of the most crucial geopolitical and security related issues in the Arctic. It discusses established shareholder's policies in the Arctic - those of Russia, Canada, the USA, Denmark, and Norway - as well as the politics and interests of other significant or future stakeholders, including China and India. Furthermore, it explains the economic situation and the legal framework that governs the Arctic, and the claims that Arctic states have made in order to expand their territories and exclusive economic zones. While illustrating the collaborative approach, represented by institutions such as the Arctic Council, which has often been described as an exceptional institution in this region, the contributing authors examine potential resource and power conflicts between Arctic nations, due to competing interests. The authors also address topics such as changing alliances between Arctic nations, new sea lines of communication, technological shifts, and eventually the return to power politics in the area.
Geopolitique des poles : vers une appropriation des espaces polaires ?
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Les regions polaires sont engagees dans un processus de changements climatiques majeurs qui font redouter une cristallisation des rivalites pour l'acces aux richesses minieres et energetiques, ainsi qu'aux nouvelles routes maritimes degagees par la fonte de la banquise. Ainsi, serions-nous a l'aube d'une nouvelle Guerre froide, voire d'un conflit arme. Or, une analyse precise de la situation et des acteurs en presence montre que ces scenarios-catastrophes sont grandement exageres. Plutot que l'affirmation de la souverainete individuelle des Etats, on assiste en effet a la mise en place d'une cooperation au travers de traites internationaux specifiques et d'instances de dialogue. Car l'enjeu est avant tout de gerer les impacts devastateurs des changements climatiques au regard desquels la question de savoir a qui appartiennent les poles semble bien derisoire...
The Arctic and World Order
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Johns Hopkins University. The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (US)
The Arctic, long described as the world's last frontier, is quickly becoming our first frontier - the front line in a world of more diffuse power, sharper geopolitical competition, and deepening interdependencies between people and nature. A space of often bitter cold, the Arctic is the fastest warming place on earth. It is humanity's canary in the coal mine - an early warning sign of the world's climate crisis. The Arctic 'regime' has pioneered many innovative means of governance among often contentious state and non-state actors. Instead of being the 'last white dot on the map,' the Arctic is where the contours of our rapidly evolving world may first be glimpsed. In this book, scholars and practitioners - from Anchorage to Moscow, from Nuuk to Hong Kong - explore the huge political, legal, social, economic, geostrategic and environmental challenges confronting the Arctic regime, and what this means for the future of world order.
Arctic Yearbook : 2020
'Observing' the Arctic : Asia in the Arctic Council and Beyond
by
Addressing the growing economic, political, and cultural presence of Asian states in the Arctic region, this book looks at how that presence is being evaluated and engaged with by Arctic states and their northern communities. A diverse range of authors addresses the question that underpins so much of this interest in Asian engagement with the northern latitudes : what do Asian countries want to gain from the Arctic ? Although China, Japan, India, Singapore and South Korea were only accepted as formal observers to the Arctic Council in 2013, the book outlines a longer history of Asian-Arctic engagement that spans centuries. It highlights how this role as observer generates new challenges, dangers and opportunities for Arctic states and their northern communities. Climate change, energy and other resources such as fish, global geopolitical change and northern autonomy are shown to all play a part in mediating how Asian states are observed and evaluated in the Arctic Council and beyond.
Cybersecurity and Resilience in the Arctic
by
Until recently, the Arctic was almost impossible for anyone other than indigenous peoples and explorers to traverse. Pervasive Arctic sea ice and harsh climatological conditions meant that the region was deemed incapable of supporting industrial activity or a Western lifestyle. In the last decade, however, that longstanding reality has been dramatically and permanently altered. Receding sea ice, coupled with growing geopolitical disputes over Arctic resources, territory, and transportation channels, has stimulated efforts to exploit newly-open waterways, to identify and extract desirable resources, and to leverage industrial, commercial, and transportation opportunities emerging throughout the region. This book presents papers from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) Governance for Cyber Security and Resilience in the Arctic. Held in Rovaniemi, Finland, from 27-30 January 2019, the workshop brought together top scholars in cybersecurity risk assessment, governance, and resilience to discuss potential analytical and governing strategies and offer perspectives on how to improve critical Arctic infrastructure against various human and natural threats. The book is organized in three sections according to topical group and plenary discussions at the meeting on : cybersecurity infrastructure and threats, analytical strategies for infrastructure threat absorption and resilience, and legal frameworks and governance options to promote cyber resilience. The book provides a background on analytical tools relevant to risk and resilience analytics, including risk assessment, decision analysis, supply chain management and resilience analytics. It will allow government, native and civil society groups, military stakeholders, and civilian practitioners to understand better on how to enhance the Arctic's resilience against various natural and anthropogenic challenges.
China's Role in the Arctic : Observing and Being Observed
by
This book explores the growing interests of China in the Arctic and examines the nature of its interests and motivations in maintaining its involvement and presence in the region. The new geopolitical landscape of the Arctic today is a significant departure from the great power politics that existed in the region during the Cold War era. Apart from traditional Arctic states, more and more international organizations and non-Arctic states are showing an increased interest in this region, not least China. Many have attempted to interpret China's intention in moving to the High North and this book aims to add to the existing literature from three approaches : China's participation in the international institutions, China's relationships with the Arctic stakeholders, and China's sectoral engagement in the Arctic. In taking a three-dimensional approach to the analysis, the author builds a comprehensive picture of China's interests and activities in the Arctic, not only from the perspective of China, but also from the viewpoint of other Arctic States (Russia, Canada, the U.S., Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland).
The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics
by
The Arctic has, for some forty years, been among the most innovative policy environments in the world. The region has developed impressive systems for intra-regional cooperation, responded to the challenges of the rapid environmental change, empowered and engaged with Indigenous peoples, and dealt with the multiple challenges of natural resource development. This book focuses on the central theme of Arctic policy innovation. The portrait that emerges from these chapters is of a complex, fluid policy environment, shaped by internal, national and global dynamics and by a wide range of political, legal, economic, and social transitions. The Arctic is a complex place from a political perspective and is on the verge of becoming even more so. Effective, proactive and forward-looking policy innovation will be required if the Far North is to be able to address its challenges and capitalize on its opportunities.
The Arctic Council : Between Environmental Protection and Geopolitics
by
This book introduces the Arctic Council and its role as a platform for dealing with local, national, regional and global challenges of relevance to the 'new' Arctic. Against the backdrop of climate change and increasing commercial activity, it considers what a future Arctic should look like, from ideas of total protection to expansive oil and gas extraction. It examines the Arctic's position on the political agenda, from Norway's High North hype to a more peripheral place in the foreign policy of the US and explores the Council's role as an important international forum for dialogue and cooperation on Arctic challenges and opportunities, and a significant arena for developing knowledge and learning about a changing region.
Climate Change and Arctic Security : Searching for a Paradigm Shift
by
This book assesses the construction of security in the context of climate change, with a focus on the Arctic region. It examines and discusses changes in the security premises of the Arctic states, from traditional security to environmental and human security. In particular, the book explores how climate change impacts security discourses and premises as well as theoretically discussing the possibility for another change, from circumpolar stability into peaceful change. Chapters cover topics such as the ethics of climate change in the Arctic, China's emerging power and influence on Arctic climate security, the discursive transformation of the definition of security and the intersection between urban, climate and Arctic studies. The book concludes with the question of whether a paradigm shift in our understanding of traditional security is possible, and whether it is already occurring in the Arctic.
L'Arctique : a l'epreuve de la mondialisation et du rechauffement climatique
by
Si l'Arctique est souvent percu comme un bout du monde glace, peuple de rares autochtones et d'ours polaires fameliques, son etude revele qu'il concentre bon nombre d'enjeux auxquels sont ou seront confrontees toutes les regions de la planete. Enjeux environnementaux, car l'Arctique est menace par le rechauffement climatique, et les consequences sur son ecosysteme y sont plus radicales qu'ailleurs. Enjeux sociaux et politiques a travers les revendications post-coloniales des populations autochtones, et qui sont particulierement riches de debats et d'innovations en termes de gouvernance. Enjeux economiques autour d'une region dont les nombreuses ressources (halieutiques, minieres, energetiques) attirent les convoitises dans un contexte de mondialisation des echanges et d'epuisement de certaines reserves. Enjeux geopolitiques, enfin, pour ce 'nouveau theatre de la puissance' qu'est l'Arctique, zone charniere entre Etats-Unis, Europe et Russie, et objet d'interet croissant de la part de la Chine. Cet ouvrage presente l'ensemble des defis poses a ce territoire meconnu, et pourtant veritable laboratoire de l'avenir de la Terre.
Arctic Narratives and Political Values : Arctic States, China and NATO
by
Emerging Legal Orders in the Arctic : The Role of Non-Arctic Actors
More than ever before the changing environmental and political landscape in the Arctic requires stability and foreseeability based on resilient common norms. The emerging legal orders in the Arctic cannot be legitimately created or effectively implemented unless all relevant actors are involved. Simultaneously, it must always be based on respect for the sovereign rights of the eight Arctic states in the region, as well as the tradition and cultural livelihood of the local communities. It is this delicate balance between Arctic and non-Arctic interests that is the core problematique for the emerging legal orders in the Arctic. This book critically examines the role of non-Arctic actors in this advancement of the shape and scope of the Arctic legal order. Discussing the admittance and participation of observer states and organisations in the Arctic Council, including task force meetings where new treaties are negotiated, it details the issues and successes this can result in. Setting up the context of the current legal orders in the Arctic the book discusses Asian, indigenous and European perspectives, amongst others. There is a strong focus on the groundbreaking fisheries agreement of November 2017 in the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO), and the impact on both Arctic and non-Arctic actors. Interests in marine living resources, scientific cooperation and the Arctic shipping regimes and governance are also thoroughly discussed from multiple perspectives. The book combines the expertise of academics and practitioners in the fields of international law and Arctic governance, uniquely focusing on Asian actors in the Arctic legal order-making.
Russia's Arctic Policy in the Twenty-First Century : National and International Dimensions
by
This book deals with the current Arctic policy of Russia in its domestic and foreign dimensions in a global epoch. It offers the first comprehensive examination of Russia's Arctic interests, approaches, and strategies in different areas : from political issues to social policies, and main difficulties and challenges in the modern Russian Arctic.
The European Union and the Geopolitics of the Arctic
by
The Arctic is a region that has seen exponential growth as a space of geopolitical interest over the past decade. This insightful book is the first to analyse the European Union's Arctic policy endeavours of the early 21st century from a critical geopolitical perspective. Exploring the EU's decade-long undertaking to construct legitimacy in the Arctic between 2008 and 2017, the author investigates whether the EU can figure prominently in the Arctic region as an international actor. This book presents the EU's interest in the Arctic as a fascinating test case for how the EU aims to assert its policies and values in a neighbouring region.
NATO's Brussels Summit and the Arctic [electronic resource]
by
The European Union and the Arctic
by
This book brings together academics from a range of disciplines to discuss the EU's potential roles in shaping Arctic governance. It is divided into three parts. The first part examines the EU's current Arctic policy framework. The second part focuses on the EU's engagement with Arctic governance at the regional level and encompasses the EU's engagement with the so-called Arctic Five (five coastal States of the Arctic Ocean), providing examples of some of those relationships. The third part takes a sectoral approach, analysing the EU's potential contribution to regulation of key human activities in the Arctic, including shipping, fisheries, oil and gas operations, and marine mammals.
Maintaining Arctic Cooperation with Russia : Planning for Regional Change in the Far North
by
Rand Corporation (US)
Despite this being a period of generally heightened tensions between Russia and the West, cooperation on Arctic affairs has remained largely intact, with the exception of direct military-to-military cooperation in the region. This report examines potential transformations that could alter Russia's current cooperative stance there. It analyzes four current security challenges in the Arctic : increased maritime access because of climate change; increased interest in Arctic resources; upcoming decisions on claims set forward by several Arctic states regarding the limits of their continental shelf; and Russia's perception of a threat from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the Arctic. This report suggests some ways in which these could undermine Arctic cooperation. It concludes with recommendations for the U.S. government to manage the risks to cooperation posed by these various factors. These include maintenance of, and investment in, Arctic infrastructure and capabilities; establishing a forum for the discussion of Arctic security as well as other confidence-building activities; careful development of the role of NATO in the Arctic; and further affirming U.S. commitment to the international norms relevant to the Arctic, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
Russia in the Arctic : Hard or Soft Power ?
by
The authors provide here a detailed analysis of Russia's national interests in the Arctic region. They assess Russia's domestic discourse on the High North's role in the system of national priorities as well as of Moscow's bi- and multilateral relations with major regional players, energy, environmental, socio-cultural, and military policies in the Arctic. In contrast to the internationally wide-spread stereotype of Russia as a revisionist power in the High North, this book argues that Moscow tries to pursue a double-sided strategy in the region. On the one hand, Russia aims at defending her legitimate economic interests in the region. On the other hand, Moscow is open to co-operation with foreign partners that are willing to partake in exploiting the Arctic natural resources. The general conclusion is that in the foreseeable future Moscow's strategy in the region will be predictable and pragmatic rather than aggressive or spontaneous. The authors argue that in order to consolidate the soft power pattern of Russia's behavior a proper international environment in the Arctic should be created by common efforts. Other regional players should demonstrate their responsibility and willingness to solve existing and potential problems on the basis of international law.
International Relations in the Arctic : Norway and the Struggle for Power in the New North
by
As the ice around the Arctic landmass recedes progressively further each year, the territory has become a flashpoint in world affairs. New and lucrative trade routes from East to West are now becoming accessible for shipping lanes and military deployment, and the Arctic is known to be home to large gas and oil reserves. Yet the territorial boundaries of the region remain ill-defined. In response to these geographical changes the Scandinavian countries, especially Denmark and Norway, have begun staking large proprietary claims in the face of pressure from the major powers - Russia, Canada, the US and China - for the trade routes to be designated as international waters. The author shows here how Norway has undergone a positional shift after declaring its assertive position on the Arctic in 2005. Its disputes with Russia have created a new foreign policy dilemma, and a new set of 'red lines' in Norwegian policy. Is Norway, as it would like to be seen, an environmentally friendly, peaceful, 'enlightened' nation ? Or does this geopolitical shift in world affairs necessitate a new and more aggressive Scandinavia ?
The New Arctic Governance
by
Despite many predictions to the contrary, the Arctic has emerged today as a zone of cooperation. At the core of regional stability and security is an emerging architecture of cooperation focused on the Arctic Council. This new order is based not on military strength or a scramble to control resources, but on the multilateral pursuit of common interests. This report by leading scholars and experts on the region focuses on understanding and explaining the emergence of cooperation in the Arctic through an exploration of a key set of interlinked questions. What constitutes the current form of Arctic governance ? What explains the emergence of this form of governance in the Arctic ? Which are the emerging dynamics and actors that affect regional governance today ? At a time when many regions of the world are facing growing confrontation and even conflict, the authors consider whether the experience of fashioning multilateral, cooperative and peaceful governance in the Arctic offers lessons to other parts of the world. Looking ahead, the report is designed to explore the sustainability of current governance trends in the Arctic. To what extent is cooperation in the Arctic the result of issues specific to the region today ? Are current relationships and institutions durable in the light of emerging competition, and even confrontation, between key Arctic players elsewhere in the world ? What steps might be taken to consolidate cooperation as the central political and security dynamic in the Arctic ?
Future Security of the Global Arctic : State Policy, Economic Security and Climate
by
The post-Cold War Arctic has seen a transformation from military tension and a focus on national security to a concern for environmental and human security. As a result of this, the globalized Arctic has a high level of peace and stability, maintained by international cooperation between the Arctic states, northern indigenous peoples, sub-national governments and local actors. There has also been a shift from environmental protection to economic activities and, consequently, states easily trump other interests. Now, in the Arctic, these challenges require fresh thinking on a local and global scale. Regional wars, the 'war on terror', and economic crises have posed new threats to Northern security order.
Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic
by
The Arctic has again become one of the leading issues on the international foreign policy agenda, in a manner unseen since the Cold War. Drawing on the perspectives of geopolitics and international law, this handbook offers fresh insights and perspectives on the most pressing issues, grouped under the headings of political ascendancy, climate and environmental issues, resources and energy, and the response and policies of affected countries. With the combined expertise of leading scholars in international relations and international law of the Arctic, the book covers key topics such as climate change, energy, indigenous issues, jurisdiction, marine resources, pollution and preparedness, and emergency response.
Asian Countries and the Arctic Future
Over the last few years Asian governments have taken a stronger approach to the Arctic, culminating with permanent-observer status to the Arctic Council for China, India, Japan, Singapore and South-Korea in May 2013. This groundbreaking book brings together the latest research in emerging Asian interests for the Arctic region, and the implications thereof this change has for the future. This book covers Arctic shipping, fisheries and mineral extraction. It analyzes key Asian countries' policies, positions and activities. The book also demonstrates that there are common aspects which attract Asian countries to the Arctic, such as a concern for climate change, but there are also important national differences. From the Arctic Council to UNCLOS, Arctic governance mechanisms are thoroughly presented and analyzed.
The Arctic Contested
by
In recent decades, and in particular as a result of global climate change, the significance of the Arctic has radically shifted, from a remote periphery to a region of intensifying political and academic interest and of conflicting interests. This collection of texts examines in particular how national and international politics and law impact on Arctic governance, communications and indigenous rights; and in parallel, explores perceptions and experiences of the North in literature and the dramatic arts. The book thus offers a platform for cross-disciplinary dialogue, in order to highlight that the Arctic is too multi-faceted and complex for any one discipline or approach adequately to encompass.
Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic : Regional Dynamics in a Global World
by
Written by a group of leading experts on Arctic affairs, this book offers a historically informed and comprehensive study of the geopolitics and security challenges of the Arctic. The key aim of the work is to identify the conditions for cooperation, stability and peace in the Arctic and to reach beyond simple description and expectation in order to explore in depth some of the main factors that will determine the future of international relations in the Arctic. Furthermore, it addresses key topics such as the geopolitical significance of the Arctic, the importance of oil and gas resources in the Arctic, and it questions what the main characteristics of governance in the Arctic are, and how institutions and regimes can promote stability and security in the region. The volume maintains three layers of focus. The first relates to Russia, the biggest stakeholder in the Arctic. The second relates to the dynamics within the Arctic and the third layer relates to developments outside the region, highlighting that we cannot understand the Arctic in isolation from global developments such as energy markets, security conflicts and NATO-Russian antagonism.
Russia's Arctic Strategies and the Future of the Far North
by
This book offers the first comprehensive examination of Russia's Arctic strategy, ranging from climate change issues and territorial disputes to energy policy and domestic challenges. As the receding polar ice increases the accessibility of the Arctic region, all the northern countries are maneuvering for geopolitical and resource security. Geographically, Russia controls half of the Arctic coastline, 40 percent of the land area beyond the Circumpolar North, and three quarters of the Arctic population. In total, the sea and land surface area of the Russian Arctic is about 6 million square kilometers. Economically, as much as 20 percent of Russia's GDP and its total exports is generated north of the Arctic Circle. In terms of resources, about 95 percent of its gas, 75 percent of its oil, 96 percent of its platinum, 90 percent of its nickel and cobalt, and 60 percent of its copper reserves are found in Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions. Add to this the riches of the continental shelf, seabed, and waters, ranging from rare earth minerals to fish stocks. After a spike of aggressive rhetoric when Russia planted its flag in the Arctic seabed in 2007, Moscow has attempted to strengthen its position as a key factor in developing an international consensus concerning a region where its relative advantages are manifest, despite its diminishing military, technological, and human capacities.
Arctic Opening : Insecurity and Opportunity
by
'The Arctic is opening. Global warming is leading to seasonal sea-ice retreat, which in turn opens hitherto impassable shipping routes and new areas for resource exploitation. Such changes are elevating the Arctic's geostrategic value and stoking inter-state competition. The admission of five Asian states as Arctic Council observers in 2013 underlines the increased importance of the High North in global politics. And as the sea ice retreats, so military forces are redeployed northwards, raising the prospect of conflict. The authors bring much-needed sobriety to the discussion of change in the Arctic, outlining the possibilities of and limits to economic opportunities in the High North while providing a detailed examination of the political and military changes this might bring.'
Géopolitique de l'Arctique
by
L'Arctique est devenu un veritable enjeu des relations internationales. C'est un theatre qui s'ouvre et un nouvel objet de convoitise. Mais c'est aussi un monde complexe, que la grande presse a beaucoup simplifie. Raison de plus pour identifier les grands dossiers et evaluer les logiques de puissance a l'oeuvre, a moyen et a long termes. Dix chapitres, clairement subdivises, identifient les questions cles. Vingt encadres precisent des points essentiels. Un cahier en couleurs central de seize cartes familiarise le lecteur avec cette nouvelle problematique.
International Law and the Arctic
by
Climate change and rising oil prices have thrust the Arctic to the top of the foreign policy agenda and raised difficult issues of sovereignty, security and environmental protection. Improved access for shipping and resource development is leading to new international rules on safety, pollution prevention and emergency response. Around the Arctic, maritime boundary disputes are being negotiated and resolved, and new international institutions, such as the Arctic Council, are mediating deep-rooted tensions between Russia and NATO and between nation states and indigenous peoples. This book explains these developments and reveals a strong trend towards international cooperation and law-making. It thus contradicts the widespread misconception that the Arctic is an unregulated zone of potential conflict.
International Politics of the Arctic : Coming In from the Cold
by
This book offers a wide-ranging account of the emerging issues of international politics in the Arctic, and the emerging geopolitical debates that surround the region. In this thorough but accessible book covering environmental issues, the author examines the geopolitics of emerging land and resource disputes and the rise of both nationalist and pan-Arctic movements in the region. Whereas existing literature on the politics of the Arctic tends to focus either on the environment or on geopolitical interests, this book considers both these themes in addition to the politics of the region's indigenous peoples and provides an overview on the emerging issues of international politics in the Arctic. The book makes full use of pedagogic features such as maps, diagrams, timelines, biographies and boxes highlighting key concepts and issues in order to make this an accessible book for both students and scholars alike.
Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean
by
This seminal book results from a NATO Advanced Research Workshop with Russia co-directorship, enabling the first formal dialogue between NATO and Russia about security issues in the Arctic Ocean. Involving interdisciplinary participation with experts from 17 nations, including all of the Arctic states, this workshop itself reflects progress in Arctic cooperation and collaboration.
Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change
by
This is the first book to examine Arctic defense policy and military security from the perspective of all eight Arctic states. In light of climate change and melting ice in the Arctic Ocean, Canada, Russia, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, and the United States, as well as Iceland, Sweden, and Finland, are grappling with an emerging Arctic security paradigm. This volume brings together the world's most seasoned Arctic political-military experts from Europe and North America to analyze how Arctic nations are adapting their security postures to accommodate increased shipping, expanding naval presence, and energy and mineral development in the polar region. The book analyzes the ascent of Russia as the first Arctic superpower', the growing importance of polar security for NATO and the Nordic states, and the increasing role of Canada and the United States in the region.
Russia in the Arctic
by
US Army War College. Strategic Studies Institute (US)
The Arctic is the newest sphere of international competition for energy and security access. It pits Russia against the other Arctic states. These essays fully explore and analyze what is at stake here and what Moscow has done to increase its capability and influence in the Arctic.
Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean : Promoting Co-operation and Preventing Conflict
by
Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (GB)
The North Pole is being transformed from a sea-ice cap to a seasonally ice-free sea. With the diminishing ice cover, there is new global interest in the extensive energy, shipping, fishing and tourism prospects in the Arctic Ocean. A range of states, including the major Arctic powers, are increasingly asserting their sovereignty seawards. National security policies are being declared and nuclear-capable states are adjusting their strategic deployments in the Arctic Ocean. There are forums for international cooperation in the Arctic, most notably the Arctic Council, but peace in the Arctic Ocean has yet to be explicitly established as a common interest. Risks of political, economic, and cultural instabilities are inherent consequences. Environmental security provides a holistic framework to assess these security risks. Only after shared risk assessment and understanding of the appropriate responses will there be sufficient clarity about the governance paths to pursue within the international legal framework of the law of the sea.
