Understanding Cyber-Warfare : Politics, Policy and Strategy
This textbook offers an accessible introduction to the historical, technical, and strategic context of global cyber conflict. The second edition has been revised and updated throughout, with three new chapters. Cyber warfare involves issues of doctrine, strategy, policy, international relations (IR) and operational practice associated with computer network attack, computer network exploitation and computer network defense.
Modern Vulnerability Management : Predictive Cybersecurity by
This book comprehensively covers the principles of Risk-based vulnerability management (RBVM) - one of the most challenging tasks in cybersecurity -- from the foundational mathematical models to building your own decision engine to identify, mitigate, and eventually forecast the vulnerabilities that pose the greatest threat to your organization. You will learn: how to structure data pipelines in security and derive and measure value from them; where to procure open-source data to better your organization's pipeline and how to structure it; how to build a predictive model using vulnerability data; how to measure the return on investment a model in security can yield; which organizational structures and policies work best, and how to use data science to detect when they are not working in security; and ways to manage organizational change around data science implementation. You'll also be shown real-world examples of how to mature an RBVM program and will understand how to prioritize remediation efforts based on which vulnerabilities pose the greatest risk to your organization. The book presents a fresh approach, rooted in risk management, and taking advantage of rich data and machine learning, helping you focus more on what matters and ultimately make your organization more secure with a system commensurate to the scale of the threat. This is a timely and much-needed book for security managers and practitioners who need to evaluate their organizations and plan future projects and change. Students of cybersecurity will also find this a valuable introduction on how to use their skills in the enterprise workplace to drive change.
Cyber Deception : Techniques, Strategies, and Human Aspects
Presents a comprehensive perspective in cyber deception and state of art in cyber deception research. Provides necessary elements related to cyber deception from cybersecurity techniques. Offers multi-disciplinary technical content and a succinct summary of the latest research outcome for cyber deception
Artificial Intelligence and the Law : Cybercrime and Criminal Liability
Cyber-Laundering by
This book illustrates current cyber laundering practices and the underlying risks associated with them, such as cross-border crimes and terrorism financing. Despite the existence of international regulations and strong worldwide cooperation, countermeasures and international response efforts are often hindered by enforcement and jurisdictional issues, as well as online asset recovery complexity. This work investigates the blockages to the accomplishment of cyber laundering regulation and enforcement at the international level. It provides strong legal recommendations for fostering the construction of more efficient means of legal implementation.
Striking Back by
Faced with relentless technological aggression that imperils democracy, how can Western nations fight back? Before the cyber age, foreign interference in democratic politics played out in a comparatively narrow arena. The rapid expansion of cyberspace has radically altered this situation. The hacking activities of Russian military agents in the 2016 US presidential election and other major incidents demonstrate the sophisticated offensive strategies pursued by geopolitical adversaries. The West is winning the technology race--yet losing the larger contest over cybersecurity. Lucas Kello reveals the failures of present policy to prevent cyberattacks and other forms of technological aggression. Drawing upon case studies and interviews with decision-makers, he develops a bold new approach: a concentrated and coordinated response strategy that targets adversaries' interests and so recaptures the initiative. Striking Back provides an original solution to national security challenges in our era of intense technological rivalry.
The United States' Defend Forward Cyber Strategy by
In the 2010s, America's adversaries conducted numerous damaging cyber operations inside the United States: the Office of Personnel Management breach, attacks on banks, persistent intellectual property theft by China, and the Russian intervention in the 2016 election. The US - possessor of theworld's most powerful cyber arsenal - responded in 2018 by unveiling a new Defend Forward strategy. It is a large step in the direction of more aggressive action in cyberspace - albeit for defensive ends. The US has not attempted to hide this shift. To the contrary, it has telegraphed the change.But the telegraphing has taken place at a highly abstract level. Very little is known about precisely what types of operations Defend Forward entails. While the US government has asserted that Defend Forward is consistent with domestic and international law, it has not explained how the new strategyovercomes the perceived legal constraints that previously tempered US responses to cyber intrusions and threats.
Machine Learning for Cyber Security
This book shows how machine learning (ML) methods can be used to enhance cyber security operations, including detection, modeling, monitoring as well as defense against threats to sensitive data and security systems. Filling an important gap between ML and cyber security communities, it discusses topics covering a wide range of modern and practical ML techniques, frameworks and tools.
The Art of Cyberwarfare by
A practical guide to understanding and analyzing cyber attacks by advanced attackers, such as nation states. Cyber attacks are no longer the domain of petty criminals. Today, companies find themselves targeted by sophisticated nation state attackers armed with the resources to craft scarily effective campaigns. This book is a detailed guide to understanding the major players in these cyber wars, the techniques they use, and the process of analyzing their advanced attacks.
Cybersecurity in Intelligent Networking Systems by
Cybersecurity and privacy are critical to modern network systems. As various malicious threats have been launched that target critical online services--such as e-commerce, e-health, social networks, and other major cyber applications--it has become more critical to protect important information from being accessed. Data-driven network intelligence is a crucial development in protecting the security of modern network systems and ensuring information privacy. Cybersecurity in Intelligent Networking Systems provides a background introduction to data-driven cybersecurity, privacy preservation, and adversarial machine learning. It offers a comprehensive introduction to exploring technologies, applications, and issues in data-driven cyber infrastructure.
Cyber Intelligence by
"A valuable contribution.... Providing many detailed examples of cyber attacks aimed at the public and private sectors, Uthoff both documents and explains the various US policies and doctrines related to cyber intelligence and cyber threats from the 1990s to the present." --John D. Woodward, Jr., Boston University US national security compromised by Wikileaks. Towns held hostage by ransomware. Corporate websites hacked. Cyber espionage and cybercrimes are increasing in both frequency and sophistication--requiring the collection of actionable intelligence in order to combat them. Constance Uthoff provides a comprehensive overview of cyber intelligence, explaining what it is, why it is needed, who is doing it, and how it is done. Notably, Cyber Intelligence: * Outlines the roles of the major US intelligence agencies involved. * Assesses significant laws and policies from the 1990s to the present. * Compares methods and best practices across the public and private sectors. * Looks beyond the US to explore the capabilities of actors like China, Iran, and Russia. * Includes real-world examples and case studies. The result is an in-depth examination of the processes and applications of spying in cyberspace, accessible to a wide range of readers. CONTENTS: The Cyber Domain. The Threat Landscape. The Cyber Intelligence Cycle and Process. National Security Strategies and Policies. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence. The National Security Agency. The Central Intelligence Agency. The Federal Bureau of Investigation. Intelligence Sharing. Counterintelligence Efforts. Cyber Operations in International Conflicts. Cyber Threats and Nonstate Actors. Emerging Cybersecurity Challenges. Three Case Studies of Cyber Espionage. The Future of Cyber Intelligence.
Cyberwarfare : Information Operations in a Connected World by
This book puts students on the real-world battlefield of cyberspace. It covers the role of cyberwarfare in modern military operations, where it has become almost impossible to separate cyberwarfare from traditional warfare. Part 1 discusses the history of cyberwarfare and the variety of new concerns its emergence has fostered - from tactical considerations to the law of armed conflict and protection of civilians. Part 2 discusses how offensive cyberwarfare has become an important part of the modern military arsenal. The rise of the advanced persistent threat has changed the face of cyberwarfare, and military planners must now be conscious of a series of cyberwarfare actions. In response, the defensive strategies that militaries use have evolved to protect themselves against cyber attacks. The concept of defense-in-depth is critical to building a well-rounded defense that will stand up to cyberwarfare events. Part 3 explores the future of cyberwarfare, its interaction with military doctrine, and Pandora's box opened by recent events, which have set the stage for future cyber attacks.
The Politics of Cybersecurity in the Middle East by
This book is a pioneering examination of the politics of cybersecurity in the Middle East. Drawing on new interviews and original fieldwork, the author shows how the label of cybersecurity is repurposed by states, companies and other organisations to encompass a variety of issues, including state conflict, targeted spyware, domestic information controls, and foreign interference through leaks and disinformation. These shifting meanings shape key technological systems as well as as the social relations underpinning digital development. But however the term is interpreted, it is clear that cybersecurity in an integral aspect of the region's contemporary politics.
Shadow Warfare : Cyberwar Policy in the United States, Russia, and China by
Cyberwarfare, like the seismic shift of policy with nuclear warfare, is modifying warfare into non-war warfare. A few distinctive characteristics of cyberwar emerge. Cyberwarfare has blurred the distinction between adversary and ally. Cyber probes continuously occur between allies and enemies alike, causing cyberespionage to merge with warfare. Espionage, as old as war itself, has technologically merged with acts of cyberwar as states threaten each other with prepositioned malware in each other's cyberespionage probed infrastructure. These two cyber shifts to warfare are agreed upon and followed by the US, Russia and China. What is not agreed upon in this shifting era of warfare are the policies upon which cyberwarfare is based. This book charts the policies in three key actors and navigates the futures of policy on an international stage.
Information Warfare in the Age of Cyber Conflict by
This book examines the shape, sources and dangers of information warfare (IW) as it pertains to military, diplomatic and civilian stakeholders. Cyber warfare and information warfare are different beasts. Both concern information, but where the former does so exclusively in its digitized and operationalized form, the latter does so in a much broader sense : with IW, information itself is the weapon. The present work aims to help scholars, analysts, and policymakers understand information warfare within the context of cyber conflict. Specifically, the chapters in the volume address the shape of influence campaigns waged across digital infrastructure and in the psychology of democratic populations in recent years by belligerent state actors, from the Russian Federation to the Islamic Republic of Iran. In marshalling evidence on the shape and evolution of information warfare as a broad-scoped phenomenon aimed at societies writ large, the authors in this book present timely empirical investigations into the global landscape of influence operations, legal and strategic analyses of their role in international politics, and insightful examinations of the potential for democratic process to overcome pervasive foreign manipulation.
Cyber Threats and NATO 2030 : Horizon Scanning and Analysis
NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (EE)
The book includes 13 chapters that look ahead to how NATO can best address the cyber threats, as well as opportunities and challenges from emerging and disruptive technologies in the cyber domain over the next decade.
The Cyber Deterrence Problem by
The national security of the United Sates depends on a secure, reliable and resilient cyberspace. There is an increasing need to develop a robust deterrence framework within which the United States and its allies can dissuade would-be adversaries from engaging in various cyber activities. Yet despite a desire to deter adversaries, the problems associated with dissuasion remain complex, multifaceted, poorly understood and imprecisely specified. Challenges, including credibility, attribution, escalation and conflict management, remain ever-present and challenge the United States in its efforts to foster security in cyberspace. These challenges need to be addressed in a deliberate and multidisciplinary approach that combines political and technical realities to provide a robust set of policy options to decision makers. This book brings together a multidisciplinary team of scholars with expertise in computer science, deterrence theory, cognitive psychology, intelligence studies and conflict management to analyze and develop a robust assessment of the necessary requirements and attributes for achieving deterrence in cyberspace. Beyond simply addressing the base challenges associated with deterrence, many of the chapters also propose strategies and tactics to enhance deterrence in cyberspace and emphasize conceptualizing how the United States deters adversaries.
Cyber in the Age of Trump : The Unraveling of America's National Security Policy by
Based on insider accounts and exclusive interviews with experts, this book offers a first-time chronicle and analysis of the Trump administration's approach to cybersecurity, its curious decisions and strategic choices, places where its work has earned applause, and the places where cyber pros see major signs of danger.
Russian Cyber Operations : Coding the Boundaries of Conflict by
Russia's brazen use of cyber operations to interfere in elections, conduct information warfare, and as part of its ongoing conflicts with neighboring states has made international headlines. However they have also maintained a thin veneer of deniability and have avoided clear red lines that would be widely accepted as acts of war. While cyber operations possess the means to achieve mischievous, subversive, and potentially destructive effects, how is an injured state supposed to respond ? The author seeks to bring clarity to this problem by undertaking an in-depth look at the legal and technical aspects of actual Russian cyber operations. He puts Russia's use of cyber in the context of their military and information warfare doctrines and looks at examples from the 2016 US presidential election, the 2017 NotPetya mock ransomware attack, the 2017 French presidential election, and many more. The author proposes deterrence, defense, resilience, and cost-imposition responses and offsetting strategies for the United States and other states who have been on the receiving end of these attacks.
The Hacker and the State : Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics by
Ever since WarGames, we have been bracing for the cyberwar to come, conjuring images of exploding power plants and mass panic. But while cyber attacks are now disturbingly common, they don't look anything like we thought they would. Packed with insider information based on interviews, declassified files, and forensic analysis of company reports, this book sets aside fantasies of cyber-annihilation to explore the real geopolitical competition of the digital age. Tracing the conflict of wills and interests among modern nations, the author reveals little-known details of how China, Russia, North Korea, Britain, and the United States hack one another in a relentless struggle for dominance. His analysis moves deftly from underseas cable taps to underground nuclear sabotage, from blackouts and data breaches to billion-dollar heists and election interference. The author brings to life this continuous cycle of espionage and deception, attack and counterattack, destabilization and retaliation. He explains why cyber attacks are far less destructive than we anticipated, far more pervasive, and much harder to prevent. With little fanfare and far less scrutiny, they impact our banks, our tech and health systems, our democracy, and every aspect of our lives. Quietly, insidiously, they have reshaped our national-security priorities and transformed spycraft and statecraft. The contest for geopolitical advantage has moved into cyberspace. The United States and its allies can no longer dominate the way they once did. The nation that hacks best will triumph.
Cyber Warfare : A Documentary and Reference Guide by
This book is designed to offer a broad examination of key documents related to cyber warfare, covering the subject from multiple perspectives. The earliest documents date from the late 20th century, when the concept and possibility of cyber attacks became a reality, while the most recent documents are from 2019. Each document is accompanied by an introduction and analysis written by an expert in the field that provides the necessary context for readers to learn about the complexities of cyber warfare. Nearly a hundred documents are drawn primarily but not exclusively from government sources and allow readers to understand how policy, strategy, doctrine, and tactics of cyber warfare are created and devised, particularly in the United States. Although the United States is the global leader in cyber capabilities and is largely driving the determination of norms within the cyber domain, the title additionally contains a small number of international documents.
Cybersecurity Law by
This book offers an authoritative guide to key statutes, regulations, and court rulings that pertain to cybersecurity. This second edition includes new and expanded information that reflects the latest changes in laws and regulations. It includes material on recent FTC data security consent decrees and data breach litigation. Topics covered reflect new laws, regulations, and court decisions that address financial sector cybersecurity, the law of war as applied to cyberspace, and recently updated guidance for public companies' disclosure of cybersecurity risks.
Cyber Security : The Lifeline of Information and Communication Technology by
This book provides the first comprehensive collection of papers that provide an integrative view on cybersecurity. It discusses theories, problems and solutions on the relevant ethical issues involved. This work is sorely needed in a world where cybersecurity has become indispensable to protect trust and confidence in the digital infrastructure whilst respecting fundamental values like equality, fairness, freedom, or privacy. The book has a strong practical focus as it includes case studies outlining ethical issues in cybersecurity and presenting guidelines and other measures to tackle those issues.
Waging Cyber War : Technical Challenges and Operational Constraints by
This book addresses the knowledge gaps and misconceptions of what it takes to wage cyber warfare from the technical standpoint of those with their hands on the keyboard. You will quickly appreciate the difficulty and complexity of executing warfare within the cyber domain. Included is a detailed illustration of cyber warfare against the backdrop of national and international policy, laws, and conventions relating to war.
Cybersecurity : Politics, Governance and Conflict in Cyberspace by
In the last decade, the proliferation of billions of new Internet-enabled devices and users has significantly expanded concerns about cybersecurity. But should we believe the prophets of cyber war or worry about online government surveillance ? Are such security concerns real, exaggerated or just poorly understood ? The authors provide here a cutting-edge introduction to the key concepts, controversies and policy debates in cybersecurity. Exploring the interactions of individuals, groups and states in cyberspace, and the integrated security risks to which these give rise, they examine cyberspace as a complex socio-technical-economic domain that fosters both great potential and peril. Structured around ten chapters, the book explores the complexities and challenges of cybersecurity using case studies - from the Morris Worm and Titan Rain to BlackEnergy and the Cyber Caliphate - to highlight the evolution of attacks that can exploit and damage individual systems and critical infrastructures.
Cyberdiplomacy : Managing Security and Governance Online by
The world has been sleep-walking into cyber chaos. The spread of misinformation via social media and the theft of data and intellectual property, along with regular cyberattacks, threaten the fabric of modern societies. All the while, the Internet of Things increases the vulnerability of computer systems, including those controlling critical infrastructure. What can be done to tackle these problems ? Does diplomacy offer ways of managing security and containing conflict online ? The author shows here how traditional diplomatic skills and mindsets can be combined with new technologies to bring order and enhance international cooperation. He explains what cyberdiplomacy means for diplomats, foreign services and corporations and explores how it can be applied to issues such as internet governance, cybersecurity, cybercrime and information warfare. Cyberspace, he argues, is too important to leave to technicians. Using the vital tools offered by cyberdiplomacy, we can reduce the escalation and proliferation of cyberconflicts by proactively promoting negotiation and collaboration online.
Unmasking Maskirovka : Russia's Cyber Influence Operations by
In sharp contrast to its utopian heyday, cyberspace is now a hotly contested domain in which nations, corporations, and individuals leverage information for strategic gain. Recent revelations about Russia's cyber disinformation campaigns underscore today's great challenges. The author provides here an in-depth and up-to-date examination of the importance of cyberspace operations, why such activities are so often successful, and how influence operations span the spectrum of conventional and digital statecraft.
Digital War by
This book offers a comprehensive overview of the impact of digital technologies upon the military, the media, the global public and the concept of 'warfare' itself. This introductory textbook explores the range of uses of digital technology in contemporary warfare and conflict. The book begins with the 1991 Gulf War, which showcased post-Vietnam technological developments and established a new model of close military and media management. It explores how this model was reapplied in Kosovo (1999), Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003), and how, with the Web 2.0 revolution, this informational control broke down. New digital technologies allowed anyone to be an informational producer leading to the emergence of a new mode of 'participative war', as seen Gaza, Iraq and Syria. The book examines major political events of recent times, such as 9/11 and the War on Terror and its aftermath. It also considers how technological developments such as unmanned drones and cyberwar have impacted upon global conflict and explores emerging technologies such as soldier-systems, exo-skeletons, robotics and artificial intelligence and their possible future impact.
Understanding Cyber Warfare : Politics, Policy and Strategy by
This textbook offers an accessible introduction to the historical, technical, and strategic context of cyber conflict. Specifically, it provides a comprehensive overview of these key issue areas : the historical emergence and evolution of cyber warfare, including the basic characteristics and methods of computer network attack, exploitation, and defense; a theoretical set of perspectives on conflict in the digital age from the point of view of international relations (IR) and the security studies field; the current national perspectives, policies, doctrines, and strategies relevant to cyber warfare; and an examination of key challenges in international law, norm development, and the potential impact of cyber warfare on future international conflicts.
The Dawn of the Code War : America's Battle against Russia, China, and the Rising Global Cyber Threat by
Over the past decade, there have been a series of internet-linked attacks on American interests, including North Korea's retaliatory hack of Sony Pictures, China's large-scale industrial espionage, Russia's 2016 propaganda campaign, and quite a lot more. The cyber war is upon us. Former Assistant Attorney General John Carlin has been on the frontlines of America's ongoing cyber war with its enemies. In this dramatic book, he tells the story of his years-long secret battle to keep America safe, and warns us of the perils that await us as we embrace the latest digital novelties - smart appliances, artificial intelligence, self-driving cars - with little regard for how our enemies might compromise them. The potential targets for our enemies are multiplying : our electrical grid, our companies, our information sources, our satellites. As each sector of the economy goes digital, a new vulnerability is exposed. The Internet of Broken Things is not merely a cautionary tale, though. It makes the urgent case that we need to start innovating more responsibly. As a fleet of web-connected cars and pacemakers rolls off the assembly lines, the potential for danger is overwhelming. We must see and correct these flaws before our enemies exploit them.
Bytes, Bombs, and Spies : The Strategic Dimensions of Offensive Cyber Operations by
Offensive cyber operations have become increasingly important elements of U.S. national security policy. From the deployment of Stuxnet to disrupt Iranian centrifuges to the possible use of cyber methods against North Korean ballistic missile launches, the prominence of offensive cyber capabilities as instruments of national power continues to grow. Yet conceptual thinking lags behind the technical development of these new weapons. How might offensive cyber operations be used in coercion or conflict ? What strategic considerations should guide their development and use ? What intelligence capabilities are required for cyber weapons to be effective ? How do escalation dynamics and deterrence work in cyberspace ? What role does the private sector play ? In this volume, leading scholars and practitioners explore these and other vital questions about the strategic uses of offensive cyber operations. The contributions to this groundbreaking volume address the key technical, political, psychological, and legal dimensions of the fast-changing strategic landscape.
Exploding Data : Reclaiming Our Cyber Security in the Digital Age by 
Countering Terrorist Activities in Cyberspace by
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Training Course on Countering ISIS Radicalization Activities through Cyberspace in the Region of South-East Europe (CIRACRESEE) Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 3-7 April 2017.
No single nation, culture or religion can achieve peace and security at home while ignoring the terrorist threats posed to others globally. This book presents lectures and a keynote speech delivered as part of the NATO Advanced Training Course (ATC) Countering ISIS Radicalisation in the Region of South-East Europe (CIRACRESEE), held in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, in April 2017. The main objective of the five-day ATC was to provide participants from the integrated security sector with information and knowledge about global trends with regard to the uses of cyberspace by ISIS, as well as accentuating the importance of the resulting social and technological challenges. An in-depth analysis of how these trends are influencing the region was also performed. The course topic was addressed from strategic/political, legal and technical perspectives, and participants were engaged in creating future regional policy proposals to counter ISIS use of cyberspace by engaging political, strategic, legal and technical components. The 12 selected lectures presented here provide readers with a comprehensive analysis from a socio-cultural, organizational and technological perspective.
Cyber Security : Power and Technology by
This book gathers the latest research results of scientists from different countries who have made essential contributions to the novel analysis of cyber security. Addressing open problems in the cyber world, the book consists of two parts. Part I focuses on cyber operations as a new tool in global security policy, while Part II focuses on new cyber security technologies when building cyber power capabilities. The topics discussed include strategic perspectives on cyber security and cyber warfare, cyber security implementation, strategic communication, trusted computing, password cracking, systems security and network security among others.
Hacking the Bomb : Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons by
Are nuclear arsenals safe from cyber attack ? We may be standing at the edge of a major technological challenge to global nuclear order. The increasing sophistication of hacking and cyber weapons, information warfare capabilities, and other dynamics of the cyber age are challenging the management, safeguards, and warning systems for nuclear weapons. Every nuclear power is currently modernizing its nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) capabilities, but there is a danger that in upgrading computer systems and making NC3 more networked, states may inadvertently also make their nuclear arsenals more vulnerable to breaches, interference, or even unintended use. In addition to implications for NC3, this new age also affects nuclear strategy, escalation dynamics in crisis management, and the ability to safeguard nuclear secrets. The author cuts through the hype surrounding these challenges and provides a framework through which to understand and proactively address the implications of this emerging cyber-nuclear nexus.
Cyber Mercenaries by
This book explores the secretive relationships between states and hackers. As cyberspace has emerged as the new frontier for geopolitics, states have become entrepreneurial in their sponsorship, deployment, and exploitation of hackers as proxies to project power. Such modern-day mercenaries and privateers can impose significant harm undermining global security, stability, and human rights. These state-hacker relationships therefore raise important questions about the control, authority, and use of offensive cyber capabilities. While different countries pursue different models for their proxy relationships, they face the common challenge of balancing the benefits of these relationships with their costs and the potential risks of escalation. This book examines case studies in the United States, Iran, Syria, Russia, and China for the purpose of establishing a framework to better understand and manage the impact and risks of cyber proxies on global politics.
Encyclopedia of Cyber Warfare by
This volume seeks to provide some clarity regarding the history and current capabilities of the cyber domain. Its authors have largely, though not exclusively, focused upon the Western experience, particularly the United States.
New Solutions for Cybersecurity by
Ongoing cyberattacks, hacks, data breaches, and privacy concerns demonstrate vividly the inadequacy of existing methods of cybersecurity and the need to develop new and better ones. This book brings together experts from across MIT to explore recent advances in cybersecurity from management, technical, and sociological perspectives. Leading researchers discuss such varied topics as a systems perspective on managing risk, the development of inherently secure hardware, and the Dark Web. The contributors suggest approaches that range from the market-driven to the theoretical, describe problems that arise in a decentralized, IoT world, and reimagine what optimal systems architecture and effective management might look like.
The Darkening Web : The War for Cyberspace by
No single invention of the last half century has changed the way we live now as much as the Internet. The author was a member of the generation for whom it was a utopian ideal turned reality : a place where ideas, information, and knowledge could be shared and new freedoms found and enjoyed. Two decades later, the future isn't so bright any more : increasingly, the Internet is used as a weapon and a means of domination by states eager to exploit or curtail global connectivity in order to further their national interests. The author explains why we underestimate the consequences of states' ambitions to project power in cyberspace at our peril : Not only have hacking and cyber operations fundamentally changed the nature of political conflict - ensnaring states in a struggle to maintain a precarious peace that could rapidly collapse into all-out war - but the rise of covert influencing and information warfare has enabled these same global powers to create and disseminate their own distorted versions of reality in which anything is possible. At stake are not only our personal data or the electrical grid, but the Internet as we know it today - and with it the very existence of open and democratic societies. Blending anecdote with argument, the author brings us face-to-face with the range of threats the struggle for cyberspace presents, from an apocalyptic scenario of debilitated civilian infrastructure to a 1984-like erosion of privacy and freedom of expression. Focusing on different approaches to cyber-conflict in the US, Russia and China, he reveals the extent to which the battle for control of the Internet is as complex and perilous as the one surrounding nuclear weapons during the Cold War - and quite possibly as dangerous for humanity as a whole.
Optimizing Cyberdeterrence : A Comprehensive Strategy for Preventing Foreign Cyberattacks by
Cyberattacks are among the greatest fears for both governments and the private sector. The attacks come without warning and can be extremely costly and embarrassing. The author offers a unique and comprehensive strategic vision for how governments, in partnership with the private sector, can deter cyberattacks from both nonstate and state actors. Cyberdeterrence must be different from conventional military or nuclear deterrence, which are mainly based on dissuading an attack by forcing the aggressor to face unacceptable costs. In the cyber realm, where attributing a specific attack to a specific actor is extremely difficult, conventional deterrence principles are not enough. The author says that cyberdeterrence must alter a potential attacker's decision calculus by not only raising costs for the attacker but also by limiting the prospects for gain. Cyberdeterrence must also involve public-private partnerships, cross-domain responses must be considered, not just retaliation in kind. The book includes twelve twenty-first century cyberattack case studies in order to draw insights into cyberdeterrence and determine the conditions under which it works most effectively. The author concludes by making recommendations for implementing cyberdeterrence and integrating it into broader national security policy.
Ethics and Cyberwarfare : The Quest for Responsible Security in the Age of Digital Warfare by
State sponsored hacktivism constitutes a wholly new alternative to conventional armed conflict. This work explores the ethical and legal dimensions of this 'soft' mode warfare grounded in a broad revisionist approach to military ethics and 'just war theory' that results in a new code of ethics for today's 'cyber warriors'.
Understanding Cyber Conflict : Fourteen Analogies by
Analogies help us think, learn, and communicate. The fourteen case studies in this volume help readers make sense of contemporary cyber conflict through historical analogies to past military-technological problems. The chapters are divided into three groups. The first - What Are Cyber Weapons Like ? - examines the characteristics of cyber capabilities and how their use for intelligence gathering, signaling, and precision strike compares with earlier technologies for such missions. The second section - What Might Cyber Wars Be Like ? - explores how lessons from several wars since the early 19th century, including the World Wars, could apply or not apply to cyber conflict in the 21st century. The final section - What Is Preventing and/or Managing Cyber Conflict Like ? - offers lessons from 19th and 20th century cases of managing threatening actors and technologies.
Cybernetics, Warfare and Discourse : The Cybernetisation of Warfare in Britain by
This book critiques mainstream beliefs about cyberwarfare and forges a new path in the way of defining this largely misunderstood concept. Rather than outlining cyberspace as a new technology applied in military operations, here, the author rallies against this technocentric account and establishes how cyberspace, first and foremost, should be categorized as a new way to understand war and military power in the Information Age. Using genre analysis and Corpus Linguistics, the author scrutinizes how cyberspace has changed the way the UK comprehends war and military power, and how the cybernetisation of war has manifested itself in Britain's approach to national defense and security.
Cyber Dragon : Inside China's Information Warfare and Cyber Operations by
This book provides a framework for assessing China's extensive cyber espionage efforts and multi-decade modernization of its military, not only identifying the 'what' but also addressing the 'why' behind China's focus on establishing information dominance as a key component of its military efforts.
Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations by
Prepared by the International Groups of Experts at the Invitation of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence.
transparent This book expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of the international law governing cyber warfare to peacetime legal regimes. The product of a four-year follow-on project by a new group of 19 renowned international law experts, it addresses such topics as sovereignty, state responsibility, human rights, and the law of air, space, and the sea. The book identifies 154 'black letter' rules governing cyber operations and provides extensive commentary on each rule. Although the book represents the views of the experts in their personal capacity, the project benefitted from the unofficial input of many states and over 50 peer reviewers.
The Hacked World Order : How Nations Fight, Trade, Maneuver, and Manipulate in the Digital Age by 
NATO Cyberspace Capability : A Strategic and Operational Evolution by
US Army War College. Strategic Studies Institute (US)
The development of cyberspace defense capabilities for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has been making steady progress since its formal introduction at the North Atlantic Council Prague Summit in 2002. Bolstered by numerous cyber attacks, such as those in Estonia (2007), Alliance priorities were formalized in subsequent NATO cyber defense policies adopted in 2008, 2011, and 2014. This monograph examines the past and current state of cyberspace defense efforts in NATO to assess the appropriateness and sufficiency to address anticipated threats to member countries, including the United States. The analysis focuses on the recent history of cyberspace defense efforts in NATO and how changes in strategy and policy of NATO writ large embrace the emerging nature of cyberspace for military forces as well as other elements of power. It first examines the recent evolution of strategic foundations of NATO cyber activities, policies, and governance as they evolved over the past 13 years. Next, it outlines the major NATO cyber defense mission areas, which include NATO network protection, shared situational awareness in cyberspace, critical infrastructure protection, counter-terrorism, support to member country cyber capability development, and response to crises related to cyberspace. Finally, it discusses several key issues for the new Enhanced Cyber Defence Policy that affirms the role that NATO cyber defense contributes to the mission of collective defense and embraces the notion that a cyber attack may lead to the invocation of Article 5 actions for the Alliance. This monograph concludes with a summary of the main findings from the discussion of NATO cyberspace capabilities and a brief examination of the implications for Department of Defense and Army forces in Europe. Topics include the roles and evolution of doctrine, deterrence, training, and exercise programs, cooperation with industry, and legal standards.
Conflict in Cyber Space : Theoretical, Strategic and Legal Perspectives by
Adopting a multidisciplinary perspective, this book explores the key challenges associated with the proliferation of cyber capabilities. Over the past two decades, a new man-made domain of conflict has materialized. Alongside armed conflict in the domains of land, sea, air, and space, hostilities between different types of political actors are now taking place in cyberspace. This volume addresses the challenges posed by cyberspace hostility from theoretical, political, strategic and legal perspectives. In doing so, and in contrast to current literature, cyber-security is analysed through a multidimensional lens, as opposed to being treated solely as a military or criminal issues, for example. The individual chapters map out the different scholarly and political positions associated with various key aspects of cyber conflict and seek to answer the following questions : do existing theories provide sufficient answers to the current challenges posed by conflict in cyberspace, and, if not, could alternative approaches be developed ?; how do states and non-state actors make use of cyber-weapons when pursuing strategic and political aims ?; and, how does the advent of conflict in cyberspace challenge our established legal framework ? By asking important strategic questions on the theoretical, strategic, ethical and legal implications and challenges of the proliferation of cyber warfare capabilities, the book seeks to stimulate research into an area that has hitherto been neglected.
Information Warfare by
Cyberspace is one of the major bases of the economic development of industrialized societies and developing. The dependence of modern society in this technological area is also one of its vulnerabilities. Cyberspace allows new power policy and strategy, broadens the scope of the actors of the conflict by offering to both state and non-state new weapons, new ways of offensive and defensive operations. This book deals with the concept of 'information war', covering its development over the last two decades and seeks to answer the following questions : is the control of the information space really possible remains or she a utopia? What power would confer such control, what are the benefits ?
Cyberspace in Peace and War by
This book presents a comprehensive understanding of cybersecurity, cyberwar, and cyber terrorism. From basic concepts to advanced principles, the author examines the sources and consequences of system compromises, addresses how cybersecurity policies can strengthen countries defenses - leaving them less susceptible to cyberattack, and explores cybersecurity in the context of military operations, highlighting unique aspects of the digital battleground and strategic uses of cyberwar. He provides the technical and geopolitical foundations of cyberwar necessary to understand the policies, operations, and strategies required for safeguarding an increasingly online infrastructure.
Dark Territory : The Secret History of Cyber War by
The author probes the inner corridors of the National Security Agency, the beyond-top-secret cyber units in the Pentagon, the 'information warfare squads of the military services, and the national security debates in the White House, to tell this never-before-told story of the officers, policymakers, scientists, and spies who devised this new form of warfare and who have been planning - and (more often than people know) fighting - these wars for decades. From the 1991 Gulf War to conflicts in Haiti, Serbia, Syria, the former Soviet republics, Iraq, and Iran, where cyber warfare played a significant role, the book chronicles, in fascinating detail, a little-known past that shines an unsettling light on our future.
The Cybersecurity Dilemma : Hacking, Trust, and Fear between Nations by
Why do nations break into one another's most important computer networks ? There is an obvious answer : to steal valuable information or to attack. But this isn't the full story. This book draws on often-overlooked documents leaked by Edward Snowden, real-world case studies of cyber operations, and policymaker perspectives to show that intruding into other countries' networks has enormous defensive value as well. Two nations, neither of which seeks to harm the other but neither of which trusts the other, will often find it prudent to penetrate each other's systems. This general problem, in which a nation's means of securing itself threatens the security of others and risks escalating tension, is a bedrock concept in international relations and is called the 'security dilemma'. This book shows not only that the security dilemma applies to cyber operations, but also that the particular characteristics of the digital domain mean that the effects are deeply pronounced. The cybersecurity dilemma is both a vital concern of modern statecraft and a means of accessibly understanding the essential component of cyber operations.
The Decision to Attack : Military and Intelligence Cyber Decision-Making by
The debate over cyber technology has resulted in new considerations for national security operations. States find themselves in an increasingly interconnected world with a diverse threat spectrum and little understanding of how decisions are made within this amorphous domain. The author investigates here how states decide to employ cyber in military and intelligence operations against other states and how rational those decisions are. In his examination, he contextualizes broader cyber decision-making processes into a systematic expected utility-rational choice approach to provide a mathematical understanding of the use of cyber weapons at the state level.
China's Cyber Power by
China's emergence as a major global power is reshaping the cyber domain. The country has the world's largest internet-user community, a growing economic footprint and increasingly capable military and intelligence services. Harnessing these assets, it is pursuing a patient, assertive foreign policy that seeks to determine how information and communications technologies are governed and deployed. This policy is likely to have significant normative impact, with potentially adverse implications for a global order that has been shaped by Western liberal democracies. And, even as China goes out into the world, there are signs that new technologies are becoming powerful tools for domestic social control and the suppression of dissent abroad. Western policymakers are struggling to meet this challenge. While there is much potential for good in a self-confident China that is willing to invest in the global commons, there is no guarantee that the country's growth and modernisation will lead inexorably to democratic political reform. This book examines the political, historical and cultural development of China's cyber power, in light of its evolving internet, intelligence structures, military capabilities and approach to global governance. As China attempts to gain the economic benefits that come with global connectivity while excluding information seen as a threat to stability, the West will be forced to adjust to a world in which its technological edge is fast eroding and can no longer be taken for granted.
Cybersecurity in the European Union : Resilience and Adaptability in Governance Policy by
Securing cyberspace has become one of the most pressing security challenges of the twenty-first century, impacting as it does on the everyday activity of governments, businesses and citizens alike. The cyber world and its associated technologies have, on the one hand, created social, cultural, economic and political opportunities for all. On the other hand, its borderless nature has fostered threats in the form of cyber attacks and cybercrime. The European Union is not immune to such threats, and produced its first Cybersecurity Strategy in 2013 to address more comprehensively the challenges that it faces. Drawing on the concepts of resilience and security governance, this book offers a novel framework for understanding and assessing how far the EU has progressed in embedding the necessary conditions for a resilient and secure ecosystem to emerge in Europe and beyond. It asks how far the EU has facilitated movement to an effective culture of cybersecurity that will allow it to fulfil its own ambitions, promote its values, and exert its influence in a dynamic global order that is increasingly reliant on digital interoperability and connectivity.
